Resources/References

Tools in this Module

Pain Assessment

Iowa Pain Thermometer-Revised

Moderate evidence.

Image
Iowa Pain Thermometer scale
Iowa Pain Thermometer scale

Source: Used with permission Keela Herr, PhD, RN, AGSF, FAAN, College of Nursing, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA

Multidimensional Pain Measure

PEG: Pain, Enjoyment, General Activity

Moderate evidence.

Image
PEG Pain Measurement Scale
PEG Pain Measurement Scale

Source: Krebs, et al, 2009

Opioid Risk Tool (ORT)

Moderate evidence.

Assess risk of aberrant behaviors when patients are prescribed opioids for chronic pain
10 item questionnaire in 5 domains; scores are different for males and females.

Score range: 0 to 26

  • Low Risk 0-3
  • Moderate Risk 4-7
  • High Risk >7

General Anxiety Disorder (GAD7)

  • Cognition Assessment
  • Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) 

Moderate evidence.

  • Self report scale for assessing generalized anxiety disorder
  • 7 item questionnaire
  • Likert scale 0 to 3 with anchors of 0= Not at all and 3=Nearly every day
  • Total score range 0-21

Functional Assessment

Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS)

Moderate evidence.

  • Knee specific instrument for patient reported outcomes
  • Takes 10-15 minutes to complete
  • 42 items in 5 subscales: pain, other symptoms, function in daily living, function in sport and recreation and knee-related quality of life
  • Each question scored from 0 (no problems) to 4 (extreme problems)
  • Scores for each subscale is transformed to a 0-100 scale with 0 representing extreme problems and 100 representing no problems 

Cognition

Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)

Moderate evidence.

  • 30 point questionnaire to measure cognitive impairment
  • Takes 5-10 minutes to complete
  • Assessment of attention, recall, language, ability to follow simple commands and orientation
  • Score of 24 or greater is considered normal cognition
     

 

Acknowledgements

PI

Keela Herr, PhD, RN, AGSF, FGSA, FAAN

Co-PI

Kathleen Sluka, PhD, PT

Project Coordinator

Eiko Oka, MPH

Case Developers Team

  • Dana Dailey, PhD, PT (Lead)
  • Barbara St. Marie, PhD, ANP, GNP
  • Sara Sanders, PhD, MSW
  • John Swegle, PharmD
  • Valerie Keffala, PhD
  • Nicolas O Noiseux, MD, MS, FRCS

Instructional Design Team

  • Nor Hashidah Abd Hamid, PhD (Instructional Designer)
  • Laurie Walkner, MA, BSN (Instructional Design Coordinator)
  • Melissa Richlen, BA (Media Specialist)

Actors

  • Richard Beebe as Donald Williams
  • Carol Vance as Physical Therapist
  • Dana Dailey as Occupational Therapist

Narrator

  • Dana Dailey
  • Pharmacist's voice: Melissa Richlen
  • Reviewers (University of Iowa): 
  • Carol Gorney, MPAS, PA-C
  • Anne Smith, RN
  • Anthony Brenneman, MPAS

A special thanks to Oaknoll Retirement Residence, Iowa City, Iowa, for providing spaces for video recording.

References

  • Braekhus, A.p., K.p. Laake, and K.p. Engedal, The Mini-Mental State Examination: identifying the most efficient variables for\par detecting cognitive impairment in the elderly.\par. J Am Geriatr Soc\par, 1992. 40\par(11\par): p. 1139-45\par.
  • Herr, K.A. and L. Garand, Assessment and measurement of pain in older adults. Clin Geriatr Med, 2001. 17(3): p. 457-78, vi.
  • Krebs, E.E., et al., Development and initial validation of the PEG, a three-item scale assessing pain intensity and interference. J Gen Intern Med, 2009. 24(6): p. 733-8.
  • Rakel BA, Blodgett NP, Bridget Zimmerman M, Logsden-Sackett N, Clark C, Noiseux N, Callaghan J, Herr K, Geasland K, Yang X et al: Predictors of postoperative movement and resting pain following total knee replacement. Pain 2012.
  • Roos, E.M.p. and S.p. Toksvig-Larsen, Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation and comparison\par to the WOMAC in total knee replacement.\par. Health Qual Life Outcomes\par, 2003. 1\par: p. 17\par.
  • Spitzer, R.L.p., et al., A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7.\par. Arch Intern Med\par, 2006. 166\par(10\par): p. 1092-7\par.
  • Webster, L.R.p. and R.M.p. Webster, Predicting aberrant behaviors in opioid-treated patients: preliminary validation \par of the Opioid Risk Tool.\par. Pain Med\par, 2005. 6\par(6\par): p. 432-42\par.
  • Total Knee Arthroplasty: http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/knee-replacement/basics/defi…
  • Home Safety: Center for Disease Control https://www.cdc.gov/steadi/patient.html1.
  • American Geriatrics Society 2015 Updated Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2015. 63(11): p. 2227-46.
  • Braekhus, A.p., K.p. Laake, and K.p. Engedal, The Mini-Mental State Examination: identifying the most efficient variables for\par detecting cognitive impairment in the elderly.\par. J Am Geriatr Soc\par, 1992. 40\par(11\par): p. 1139-45\par.
  • Chou, R., et al., Medications for acute and chronic low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society/American College of Physicians clinical practice guideline. Annals of Internal Medicine, 2007. 147(7): p. 505.
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